20. Anderson, “Clement, Ignatius, and Polycarp,” p. 53; F. F. Bruce, The Epistles of John (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 1970), pp. 15–18, 104–5. For a brief survey of interpretations, see I. Howard Marshall, The Epistles of John, The New International Commentary on the New Testament (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 1978), pp. 14–22.